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Outbreak Table | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC

Outbreak Table | Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever | CDC



Chronology of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreaks

Known Cases and Outbreaks of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, in Chronological Order
Year(s)CountryEbola subtypeReported number of human casesReported number (%) of deaths among casesSituation
1976Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo - DRC)Ebola virus318280 (88%)Occurred in Yambuku and surrounding area. Disease was spread by close personal contact and by use of contaminated needles and syringes in hospitals/clinics. This outbreak was the first recognition of the disease. 1
1976Sudan (South Sudan)Sudan virus284151 (53%)Occurred in Nzara, Maridi and the surrounding area. Disease was spread mainly through close personal contact within hospitals. Many medical care personnel were infected. 2
1976EnglandSudan virus10Laboratory infection by accidental stick of contaminated needle. 3
1977ZaireEbola virus11 (100%)Noted retrospectively in the village of Tandala. 4
1979Sudan (South Sudan)Sudan virus3422 (65%)Occured in Nzara, Maridi. Recurrent outbreak at the same site as the 1976 Sudan epidemic. 5
1989USAReston virus00Ebola-Reston virus was introduced into quarantine facilities in Virginia and Pennsylvania by monkeys imported from the Philippines. 6
1990USAReston virus4 (asymptomatic)0Ebola-Reston virus was introduced once again into quarantine facilities in Virginia, and Texas by monkeys imported from the Philippines. Four humans developed antibodies but did not get sick. 7
1989-1990PhilippinesReston virus3 (asymptomatic)0High mortality among cynomolgus macaques in a primate facility responsible for exporting animals in the USA. 8
Three workers in the animal facility developed antibodies but did not get sick. 9
1992ItalyReston virus00Ebola-Reston virus was introduced into quarantine facilities in Sienna by monkeys imported from the same export facility in the Philippines that was involved in the episodes in the United States. No humans were infected. 10
1994GabonEbola virus5231 (60%)Occured in Mékouka and other gold-mining camps deep in the rain forest. Initially thought to be yellow fever; identified as Ebola hemorrhagic fever in 1995. 11
1994Ivory CoastTaï Forest virus10Scientist became ill after conducting an autopsy on a wild chimpanzee in the Tai Forest. The patient was treated in Switzerland. 12
1995Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire)Ebola virus315250 (81%)Occured in Kikwit and surrounding area. Traced to index case-patient who worked in forest adjoining the city. Epidemic spread through families and hospitals. 13
1996 (January-April)GabonEbola virus3721 (57%)Occured in Mayibout area. A chimpanzee found dead in the forest was eaten by people hunting for food. Nineteen people who were involved in the butchery of the animal became ill; other cases occured in family members. 11
1996-1997 (July-January)GabonEbola virus6045 (74%)Occurred in Booué area with transport of patients to Libreville. Index case-patient was a hunter who lived in a forest camp. Disease was spread by close contact with infected persons. A dead chimpanzee found in the forest at the time was determined to be infected. 11
1996South AfricaEbola virus21 (50%)A medical professional traveled from Gabon to Johannesburg, South Africa, after having treated Ebola virus-infected patients and thus having been exposed to the virus. He was hospitalized, and a nurse who took care of him became infected and died. 14
1996USAReston virus00Ebola-Reston virus was introduced into a quarantine facility in Texas by monkeys imported from the Philippines. No human infections were identified. 15
1996PhilippinesReston virus00Ebola-Reston virus was identified in a mokey export facility in the Philippines. No human infections were identified. 16
1996RussiaEbola virus11 (100%)Laboratory contamination 17
2000-2001UgandaSudan virus425224 (53%)Occurred in Gulu, Masindi, and Mbarara districts of Uganda. The three most important risks associated with Ebola virus infection were attending funerals of Ebola hemorrhagic fever case-patients, having contact with case-patients in one's family, and providing medical care to Ebola case-patients without using adequate personal protective measures. 18
October 2001-March 2002GabonEbola virus6553 (82%)Outbreak occured over the border of Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. 19
October 2001-March 2002Republic of CongoEbola virus5743 (75%)Outbreak occurred over the border of Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. This was the first time that Ebola hemorrhagic fever was reported in the Republic of the Congo.19
December 2002-April 2003Republic of CongoEbola virus143128 (89%)Outbreak occurred in the districts of Mbomo and Kéllé in Cuvette Ouest Département.20
November-December 2003Republic of CongoEbola virus3529 (83%)Outbreak occured in Mbomo and Mbandza villages located in Mbomo distric, Cuvette Ouest Département. 21
2004Sudan (South Sudan)Sudan virus177 (41%)Outbreak occurred in Yambio county of southern Sudan. This outbreak was concurrent with an outbreak of measles in the same area, and several suspected EHF cases were later reclassified as measeles cases. 22
2004RussiaEbola virus11 (100%)Laboratory contamination. 23
2007Democratic Republic of CongoEbola virus264187 (71%)Outbreak occurred in Kasai Occidental Province. The outbreak was declared over November 20. Last confirmed case on October 4 and last death on October 10. 24 25
December 2007-January 2008UgandaBundibugyo virus14937 (25%)Outbreak occurred in Bundibugyo District in western Uganda. First reported occurance of a new strain. 26
November 2008PhilippinesReston virus6 (asymptomatic)0First known occurrence of Ebola-Reston in pigs. Strain closely similar to earlier strains. Six workers from the pig farm and slaughterhouse developed antibodies but did not become sick. 27 28
December 2008-February 2009Democratic Republic of the CongoEbola virus3215 (47%)Outbreak occurred in the Mweka and luebo health zones of the Province of Kasai Occidental. 29
May 2011UgandaSudan virus11 (100%)The Ugandan Ministry of Health informed the public that a patient with suspected Ebola Hemorrhagic fever died on May 6, 2011 in the Luwero district, Uganda. The quick diagnosis from a blood sample of Ebola virus was provided by the new CDC Viral Hemorrhagic Fever laboratory installed at the Uganda Viral Research Institute (UVRI).30
June-October 2012UgandaSudan virus11*4* (36.4%)Outbreak occurred in the Kibaale District of Uganda. Laboratory tests of blood samples were conducted by the UVRI and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 31
June-November 2012Democratic Republic of the CongoBundibugyo virus36*13* (36.1%)Outbreak occurred in DRC’s Province Orientale. Laboratory support was provided through CDC and the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC)’s field laboratory in Isiro, and through the CDC/UVRI lab in Uganda. The outbreak in DRC has no epidemiologic link to the near contemporaneous Ebola outbreak in the Kibaale district of Uganda. 31
November 2012-January 2013UgandaSudan virus6*3* (50%)Outbreak occurred in the Luwero District. CDC assisted the Ministry of Health in the epidemiologic and diagnostic aspects of the outbreak. Testing of samples by CDC's Viral Special Pathogens Branch occurred at UVRI in Entebbe. 31
March 2014-PresentGuinea, Liberia, and Sierra LeoneEbola virus814*?Ongoing outbreak across Guinea, northern Liberia, and now eastern Sierra Leone. Numbers of patients is constantly evolving due to the on-going investigation. 32

*Numbers reflect laboratory confirmed cases only.

References

  1. World Health Organization. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976 Adobe PDF file [PDF - 959KB]External Web Site Icon. Report of an International Convention. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1978;56(2):271-293.
  2. World Health Organization. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976. Report of a WHO/International Study Team Adobe PDF file [PDF - 1.4 MB]External Web Site IconBulletin of the World Health Organization. 1978;56(2):247-270.
  3. Emond RT, Evans B, Bowen ET, et al. A case of Ebola virus infection. British Medical Journal. 1977;2(6086):541-544.
  4. Heymann DL, Weisfeld JS, Webb PA, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977-1978. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1980;142(3):372-376.
  5. Baron RC, McCormick JB, and Zubeir OA. Ebola virus disease in southern Sudan: hospital dissemination and intrafamilial spread Adobe PDF file [PDF - 276 KB]External Web Site Icon.Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1983;61(6):997-1003.
  6. Jahrling PB, Geisbert TW, Dalgard DW, et al. Preliminary report: isolation of Ebola virus from monkeys imported to USA. Lancet. 1990;335(8688):502-505.
  7. Centers for Disease Control. Update: Filovirus infection in animal handlersMorbidity Mortality Weekly Report. 1990;39(13):221.
  8. Hayes CG, Burans JP, Ksiazek TG, et al. Outbreak of fatal illness among captive macaques in the Philippines caused by an Ebola-related filovirus.American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1992;46(6):664-671.
  9. Miranda ME, White ME, Dayrit MM, Hayes CG, Ksiazek TG, and Burans JP. Seroepidemiological study of filovirus related to Ebola in the Philippines.Lancet. 1991;337:425-426.
  10. World Health Organization. Viral haemorrhagic fever in imported monkeys Adobe PDF file [PDF - 1.21 MB]External Web Site IconWeekly Epidemiological Record. 1992;67(24):183.
  11. Georges AJ, Leroy EM, Renaud AA, et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Gabon, 1994-1997: epidemiologic and health control issues. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999;179:S65-75.
  12. Le Guenno B, Formenty P, Wyers M, et al. Isolation and partial characterisation of a new strain of Ebola virus. Lancet. 1995;345:1271-1274.
  13. Khan AS, Tshioko FK, Heymann DL, et al. The Reemergence of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999;179:S76-S86.
  14. World Health Organization. Ebola haemorrhagic fever - South Africa Adobe PDF file [PDF - 470 KB]External Web Site IconWeekly Epidemiological Record. 1996;71(47):359.
  15. Rollin PE, Williams J, Bressler D, et al. Isolated cases of Ebola (subtype Reston) virus among quarantined non-human primates recently imported from the Philippines to the United States. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999;179 (suppl 1):S108-S114.
  16. Miranda ME, Ksiazek TG, Retuya TJ, et al. Epidemiology of Ebola (subtype Reston) virus in the Philippines, 1996. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999;179 (suppl 1):S115-S119.
  17. Borisevich IV, Markin VA, Firsova IV, et al. Hemorrhagic (Marburg, Ebola, Lassa, and Bolivian) fevers: epidemiology, clinical pictures, and treatment.Voprosy Virusologii – Problems of Virology (Moscow). 2006;51(5):8–16 [Russian].
  18. Okware SI, Omaswa FG, Zaramba S, et al. An outbreak of Ebola in Uganda. Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2002;7(12):1068-1075.
  19. World Health Organization. Outbreak(s) of Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Congo and Gabon, October 2001- July 2002 Adobe PDF file [PDF - 518 KB]External Web Site IconWeekly Epidemiological Report. 2003;78(26):223-225.
  20. Formenty P, Libama F, Epelboin A, et al. Outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in the Republic of the Congo, 2003: a new strategy? Medecine Tropicale (Marseille). 2003;63(3):291-295.
  21. World Health Organization. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in the Republic of the Congo - Update 6External Web Site IconWeekly Epidemiological Record. 6 January 2004.
  22. World Health Organization. Outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Yambio, south Sudan, April-June 2004 Adobe PDF file [PDF - 159 KB]External Web Site IconWeekly Epidemiological Record. 2005;80(43):370-375.
  23. Akinfeyeva LA, Aksyonova OI, Vasilyevich IV, et al. A case of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Infektsionnye Bolezni (Moscow). 2005;3(1):85–88 [Russian].
  24. Declaration de son Excellence Monsieur le Ministre de la Santé Publique annonçant la fin de l'épidémie de FHV à virus Ebola dans les zones de santé de Mweka, Luebo et Bulape dans la Province du KasaiOccidental Adobe PDF file. Mardi, le 20 novembre 2007. Dr Victor Makwenge Kaput, Ministre de la Santé Publique.
  25. World Health Organization. Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo - Update. Adobe PDF file [PDF - 337 KB]External Web Site IconWeekly Epidemiological Record. 2007;82(40):345-346.
  26. MacNeil A, Farnon EC, Morgan OW, et al. Filovirus Outbreak Detection and Surveillance: Lessons from Bundibugyo Adobe PDF fileJournal of Infectious Diseases. 2011;204:S761-S767.
  27. World Health Organization. Ebola Reston in pigs and humans, Philippines Adobe PDF file [PDF - 240 KB]External Web Site IconWeekly Epidemiological Record. 2009;84(7):49-50.
  28. Barrette RW, Metwally SA, Rowland JM, et al. Discovery of Swine as a Host for the Reston ebolavirusScience. 2009;325;204-206.
  29. World Health Organization. End of the Ebola Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the CongoExternal Web Site IconGlobal Alert and Response. 17 Febuary 2009.
  30. Shoemaker T, MacNeil A, Balinandi S, et al. Reemerging Sudan Ebola Virus Disease in Uganda, 2011. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(9):1480-1483.
  31. Albarino CG, Shoemaker T, Khristova ML, et al. Genomic analysis of filoviruses associated with four viral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2012. Virology. 2013;442(2):97-100.
  32. Ministry of Health Guinée – Conakry Adobe PDF file [PDF - 470 KB]External Web Site Icon

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